/LastChar 116 Because Ethiopia is located in the tropical latitudes, its areas of lower elevation experience climatic conditions typical of tropical savanna or desert. stratified without definite profile) and lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments)occupy much of the Andean massif. stream RANKERS (U)Other soils having an umbric A horizon which is not more than 25 cm thick; having no other diagnostic horizons (unless buried by 50 cm or more of new material). endobj LITHOSOLS (I) Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the surface. Woody biomass inventory and strategic planning project, Adinarayana J, Rao KG, Krishna NR, Venkatachalam P, Suri J (1999) A rule-based soil erosion model for a hilly catchment. Therefore, the soil erosion could be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario is considered. 2014). /Subtype /TrueType DC, USA. Some of the rich coffee-growing regions of Ethiopia are found on these soils. 0000017099 00000 n Missing rainfall data for all stations have been filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique. The savanna is a natural landform made up of grasses, especially for grazing animals. The watershed covers 123,395 Ha. The current soil erosion level was compared with the tolerable soil loss limit to Ethiopian condition. Environ. Elevation generally increases westward towards the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands. University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland, in association with the Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Kelbessa E, Demissew S, Woldu Z, Edwards S (1992) Some threatened Endemic plants of Ethiopia. where SDR denotes the sediment delivery ratio and area of the watershed. World Geomorphological Landscapes. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770.2011.00489.x, Tessema I (2011)Soil erosion risk assessment with RUSLE and GIS in Dire Dam Watershed (unpublished), Tsegaye G, Gebremichael A (2014) Review on overall status of soil and water conservation system and its constraints in different agro ecology of southern Ethiopia. 16:447467, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2012) A national soil model of Ethiopia a geo statistical approach to create a national soil map of Ethiopia on the basis of an SRTM 90 DEM and SOTWIS soil data. 0000001298 00000 n Catena 36(12):99114, Hurni H (1985) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia. The highest Ethiopian mountain is Ras Dejen at 4,550m with the second highest peak of Kidis Yared at 4,453m; other notable peaks include Mount Biuat at 4,437m. The Simien Mountains are remarkable as being one of the few spots in tropical Africa where snow regularly falls. As shown in Fig. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The required data collected for analysis are included in the manuscript. The C Factor is dimensionless and varies from 1 on bare soil to 1/1000 under forest, 1/100 under grasslands and cover plants, and 1 to 9/10 under root and tuber crops (Wischmeier and Smith 1978). The authors thank Worabe Agricultural Research center for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work. Uniquely Ethiopian and among the most endangered species are the walia ibex of the Simien Mountains, the mountain nyala (a kind of antelope), and the Simien jackal. 58,740ha (47.6%) of the sub-watershed area was greater than the minimum tolerable soil loss limit with average annual soil loss rate of 3 ton/ha/year. Other Yermosols having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Yermosols having a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Yermosols having a calcic horizon within 125 cm of the surface. Updates? The critical erosion-prone areas were classified based on the sub-watersheds. 1997). Fluvisols having a sulfuric horizon or sulfidic material, or both, at less than 125 cm from the surface, Other Fluvisols which are calcareous, at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Fluvisols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, SOLONCHAKS (Z)Other soils having high salinity and having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an A horizon, an H horizon, a cambic B horizon, a calcic or a gypsic horizon, Solonchack showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Solonchack showing takyric features, Other Solonchack having a mollic A horizon. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding << Quantitative and qualitative analyses were used. length, soil type, soil conservations techniques, cover management and rainfall May is a hot and dry month preceding the long rainy season (kremt) in June, July, and August. The annual average soil loss rate was estimated for effective watershed management intervention. /ItalicAngle 0 (2019) from Karesa watershed reported the gross erosion as 42,413.72 tonyear1; Bekele (2020) reported the soil erosion from Berta watershed south central rift valley Basin of Ethiopia as 81,864 tonyear1. Bekele, B., Gemi, Y. Rain falls year-round in the southern portions of the Western Highlands, where annual precipitation may reach 80 inches (2,000 mm). All four species are found in the Western and Eastern highlands in numbers ranging from a few hundred for the walia ibex to a few thousand for the others. Slope steepness is classified into five classes. [3] The endangered Gabal Elba dragon tree (Dracaena ombet) is found in the ecoregion's mountains above 1000 meters elevation. FERRALSOLS (F)Other soils having an oxic B horizon. Based on the modeling, Soil Conservation Research Project (SCRP) estimated that about 1.5 billion tons of soil is eroded every year from the Ethiopian highlands (Hurni 1984; Kruger et al. Many thanks also to Carlo Bisci for providing the base map of Fig. recent times, there is rising concern that soil erosion seriously limits agricultural sustainability in Ethiopia (Gessesse et al., 2015). 6). Long year stations average annual rainfall. Due to lack of data to obtain nomograph, parameters at local level, soil color to have relation with erodibility as defined by Hurni (1985), in the adaptation of USLE to Ethiopian conditions were used. Tehinan Woreda. Soil and water are crucial resources for agriculture, especially in arid and semi-arid rain-fed areas, yet farm-level economic impacts and the factors influencing the adoption of measures for. Despite their ruggedness and altitude, the mountains are dotted with villages linked by tracks. Cambridge, Hurni H,Herweg K, Portner B, Liniger H (2008)SoilErosionand conservationin globalagriculture. objective of this paper is to quantify and map an estimated soil loss by Luvisols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols having a calcic horizon or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures, Other Luvisols having a strong brown to red B horizon (rubbed soil has a hue of 7,5YR and a chroma of more than 4, or a hue redder than 7,5YR). In: Braimoh AK, Vlek PLG (eds)Landuseand soilresources. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Model. collected and analyzed from different land sat imageries, SRTM data, topomaps This implies that there was spatial variability of soil loss in sub-watersheds (Table10). It is found in Administrative boundaries of Silte zone, Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR). Samples of black, soft soil predominating the study area were. The lowest soil erosion on Molic Andosols could be due to their good aggregate stability and high permeability to water which make these soils resistanttowater erosion. The impact of natural hazards like erosion can be minimized and SOLONETZ (S)Other soils having a natric B horizon. 2003). Because of moisture deficiency and coarse texture, they lack potential for rain-fed agriculture. This paper tries to put together soil acidity concept, causes, extent and management practices. Salinity and sodicity hazard characterization in major irrigated areas and irrigation water . /FontBBox [-517 -325 1359 998] <> The total land areas covered by salt-affected soils in Ethiopia is estimated at about 11,033,000 hectares and occur for the most part of the rift valley zone, where groundwater has been used as source of irrigation water. endobj Soil erosion severity classification based on watershed slope reveals that, highest soil loss was estimated from very steep slope and the lowest loss from level slopes. Land degradation in the form of soil erosion is the major problems affecting agricultural productivity. Greyzems showing hydromorphic properties within 5 cm of the surface. (2019), who reported that the LS factor for karessa watershed Dawuro zone, south west Ethiopia ranges from 0 in flat areas to 154.6 steeper and longer slope area of the watershed. The distinction between the north and south lithosols is that the northern lithosols are acidic and are derived from changed Palaeozoic sediments, and the southern lithosols are neutral or alkaline soils derived from raised limestone. Mean annual rainfall varies from less than 100mm close to the coast to around 200mm further inland. /CreationDate (D:20171206093231+02'00') 0 0 0 0 0 0 278]>> ANDOSOLS (T) Other soils having either a mollic or an umbric A horizon possibly overlying a cambic B horizon, or an ochric A horizon and a cambic B horizon; having no other diagnostic horizons (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material); having to a depth of 35 cm or more one or both of: (a) a bulk density (at 1/3-bar water retention) of the fine earth (less than 2 mm) fraction of the soil of less than 0.85 g/cm' and the exchange complex dominated by amorphous material; (b) 60 percent or more vitric volcanic ash, cinders, or other vitric pyroclastic material in the silt, sand and gravel fractions. slopes are often steep, and lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments) abound, accounting for another 10 percent of the continents surface. 0000002344 00000 n The major soil type of the study area is dominated by Molic andosols which have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity. The current study employed an alternative method using the combination of land use and slope to estimate P_values as proposed by Wischmeier and Smith (1978). Reserv Res Manag 16:293305. 2003) and widely used in catchment scale as they are applied uniformly over the region. [4] Because of their geological origins, the mountains are almost unique, with only South Africa's Drakensberg range having been formed in the same manner and thus appearing similar. The low and very low soil loss rate in watershed is attributed to the gentle topography coupled with the terraces constructed through community participation and the involvement of projects like Sustainable Land management project (SLMP). PODZOLS (P)Other soils having a spodic B horizon. Nitosols develop on gently sloping ground. The corresponding author provides all the data set as per the request and ready to clarify the manuscript which is not clear. and point interpolations of primary data. 13). Trop Ecol 45:209221, Stocking MA (1996) Soil erosion. Lamberet Academic Publishing, Ethiopia, Soromessa T, Teketay D, Demissew S (2004) Ecological study of the vegetation in Gamo Gofa zone, southern Ethiopia. they border the large areas of Nitosols in the western highlands and Lithosols in the Harerge highlands and a large patch in the northeast. From the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year sediment yields have been estimated at watershed outlet. Even on the cool plateaus, where good volcanic soils are found in abundance, crude means of cultivation have exposed the soils to heavy seasonal rain, causing extensive gully and sheet erosion. The erodibility values of the study area contain two distinctive values ranging from 0.14 which is Chromic luvisols soil to 0.35 which is Eutric cambisols (Table7 and Fig. Solonetz showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface. Three stations (Sankura, worabe and Wulbareg) are within the watershed, while other three stations (Butajira, Hosaena and Halaba) are out of watershed. A personal overview. 7). Humic Andosols are the dominant soil type which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000m. The other types of soils are shallow Andosols, Lithosols, and Haplic Phaeozems that are mainly common in the area between 2,500 and 3,500m. The Simien Mountains are highly eroded as a result of human land use practices and as a result of the topography of the area. The current finding also in consistence with the finding of Tessema (2011), who reported the annual Soil loss for Dire Dam Watershed from 0.00 to 263.25 ton/ha/year, Amsalu and Mengaw(2014), reported the annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 ton/ha/year in steeply sloping mountainous areas of the north and north-eastern parts of the catchments. Major soil types and Soil Erodibility (K_factor) map of the study area. In general, 64,655ha (52.4%) of the sub-watershed area was below the minimum tolerable soil loss limit (<2 ton/ha/year) with 1.5 ton/ha/year average rate of soil loss. 03.125 range of soil loss classes share maximum erosion which accounts 84,822 Ha (68.7%) and the minimum accounts 1938Ha (1.57%) on>25% numerical range of soil. /Filter [/FlateDecode] Schweizebart, Stuttgart, pp 310316, McCann JC (1997) The plow and the forest: narratives of deforestation in Ethiopia, 18401992. 1.1 and to Lorenzo Orioli for the information and photos of the Sanetti Plain. Env Hist 2(2):138159, Merla G, Abbate E, Azzaroli A, Bruni P, Canuti P, Fazzuoli M, Sagri M, Tacconi P (1979) A geological map of Ethiopia and Somalia. Slider with three articles shown per slide. 4} *\left( {{\text{Sin slope}}/0.0 8 9 6} \right)^{ 1. Dijo watershed is the largest watershed in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. 14,Lund, Sweden, Hurni H (1984) Soil erosion and soil conservation in agricultural ecosystems: ethiopia and northern. (2019), who estimated the annual soil loss ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year. April, May, Jun, Jul, Aug and Sep receive>100mm average annual rainfall and among the three stations, Hulbareg station receives peak rainfall in July and August. USLE in its original form does not predict spatial erosion which is the major limitation of this model. startxref Litosol soil on Okinawa is broken down into North and South Lithosols and they are the focus of this Earth Cache. (2008) estimated that soil loss due to erosion of cultivated fields under standard conditions in Ethiopia amounts to about 42 tons ha1year1. 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 222 0 This erosion has been observed at northern parts of the watersheds (Alicho wuriro. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The result is consistent with the finding of Bekele et al. Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the surface. According to the relationship between the watershed gross soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the sediment yield was estimated at watershed outlet. Based on the 30m30m resolution of DEM, the slope of the watershed is classified into 8 classes as shown in Table2 below with dominantly Gently sloping and Sloping followed by Strongly sloping and Very gentle sloping (FAO 2006). In: Proceedings of 4th international conference on soil conservation, Maracay, Venezuela, 39 November, pp 654674, Hurni H (1993)Land degradation,faminesandresource scenariosin Ethiopia. The clay loam, [2], The plant life of the region needs more study, which has been hampered by long-term political strife in the region. endobj J Quat Sci 20(6):593606, Pankhurst R (1995) The history of deforestation and afforestation in Ethiopia prior to World War I. Birds include the endemic Archer's lark (Heteromirafra archeri).[2]. 0000004763 00000 n J Hydr 339:145158, Dessie G, Kleman J (2007) Pattern and magnitude of deforestation in the South central rift valley region of Ethiopia. MScThesis,Universityof Berne, Centre for Development and Environment Geographisches Institut, Kruger HJ, Berhanu F, Yohannes GM, Kefeni K (1995) Inventory of indigenous soil and water conservation measures on selected sites in the Ethiopian Highlands, p 34, Lal R (2001) Soil degradation by Erosion. Uncontrolled land use, deforestation, over cultivation, 5). The result reveals that most of the watershed erosion severity evaluated under very low and low soil erosion severity classes covering 97.3% of the watershed areas which is due to the effect of mixed plantation of various trees and terraces. The annual mean soil loss rate for each woreda was estimated and each woreda erosion severities were compared with the tolerable soil loss limit. Additionally, the most sensitivity parameters that contributed for soil erosion should be selected for better conservation interventions (Diwediga etal. Histosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Histosols having a Ph H2O, (1:5) of less than 5.5, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. Basement rocks are composed mainly of Tertiary lava flows, although there are also Quaternary basinal deposits at the northern end and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits on the northern coast of Somaliland. Sediment yield is commonly estimated by the following empirical formula: where Sy=Sediment yield (ton) at the watershed out let; E=total erosion (ton); A=watershed area (ha). volume7,pages 273291 (2021)Cite this article. A special thank to Ernesto Abbate, Mario Sagri and Milvio Fazzuoli that introduced me to the beauties of the Horn of Africa geology and geomorphology, to Giovanni Ferrari for his inspiring views and, finally, to Fabrizio Vannacci that faithfully assisted me with his laboratory, field and human skills in such a long endeavor. /StemH 78 According to FAO (2012), Dijo watershed is covered by six major soil types which are Molic Andodols, Haplic phaeozems, Chromic luvisols, Eutric cambisols, Pellic vertisols and Lithosols. In: Edwards S, Demissie A, Bekele T, Haase G (eds) Forest genetic resources conservation: principles, strategies and actions. Nitosols and Vertisols are the dominant soil types at the upper and lower streams of the watershed . Soil OC was analyzed by wet digestion method (Walkley and Black 1934), and total N was determined by a modified micro- The third biome, tropical thickets and wooded steppe, is found in the Rift Valley and Eastern Lowlands. In: Conference onreservoirsedimentation(pp. Lions, leopards, elephants, giraffes, rhinoceroses, and wild buffalo are rarities, especially in northern Ethiopia. Omissions? XEROSOLS (X)Other soils having a weak ochric A horizon and an aridic moisture regime; lacking permafrost within 200 cm of the surface. /Author (Bianca Marthinus) Of the 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. The volcano is believed to have spread over more than 5000m2 and resulted in a thick sequence of basaltic lava some 3,000-3,500m thick that was deposited on Precambrian crystalline basement. 10). 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. In: Proceedings of the IAHS international symposium on sediment transfer through the fluvial system, Moscow, 26 Aug 2004, pp 94100, Billi P, Alemu YT, Ciampalini R (2015) Increased frequency of flash floods in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia: change in rainfall intensity or human impact?. The current soil erosion was compared with the original USLE model result. /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 GIS Based Soil Loss Estimation Using RUSLE Model: The Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia. Soil pH was measured in 1:2.5 soil liquid ratio where the liquids were water and 1 M KCl solution. Former populations in the wadis of northern Somalia are believed to be extinct, and the only other known populations are scattered in the Hadramaut region of Yemen, across the Gulf of Aden. Finally, the aggregated effects of Ethiopia), where resources, facilities and trained scientific manpower are scarce, and where food is in short supply. where cell size represents the resolution of the grid (30m) and 22.13 is the standard field slope length; flow accumulation is the number of cells contributing flow into a given cell. The second group of soils, eutric cambisols and ferric and orthic luvisols, are found in the Simien plateau of the Western Highlands. 2012). Total annual precipitation varies from 20 to 40 inches (500 to 1,000 mm). [2] Climate[edit] << In: Abebe Y, Geheb K (eds) Wetlands of Ethiopia. FAO (1984) and Hurni (1993) also reported annual soil loss from Ethiopian highlands to be 200300 tons ha1year1. 11). >> The result reveals that from the gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year were estimated at watershed outlet. Whereas the rest low and moderate soil erosion risk classes account 24.7% and 5.07%, respectively (Table8). Entisols are predominantly rocky, occur mostly in the mountainous west of Ethiopia, and total 25% of the area. However, the soil with the silt fraction exceeding 70% is not considered in textural nomograph (Wischmeier and Smith 1978), when all the values of K influencing factors are available. Rainfall is very low and yearly averages range from 100 to 200 millimeters (mm), with less rain falling closer to the coast. It shows wide . Paolo Billi . xref 8). This introductory chapter reports about the main geographic and geomorphologic features of Ethiopia. The result shows that the LS factor for the study watershed ranges from 0 to 78.48. Haile, 1987). Nat Hazards 75. doi:10.1007/s11069-014-1554-0, Bojo J, Cassells D (1994) Land degradation and rehabilitation in Ethiopia: a reassessment. There are also fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 m below sea level. Nitosols and Lithosols [16]. 2009), extensive deforestation as the result of fuel wood demand and grazing into steep land areas (Amsalu et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z. Urban areas in the region include the ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, and Berbera in Somalia. Soil erosion could accurately be estimated if and only if the extent and distribution of gullies should be measured. Botany 2000: East and Central Africa NAPRECA monograph series no. Discussed further in Frederick J. Simoons, "Snow in Ethiopia: A Review of the Evidence", Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Welcome to the official website of Simien Mountains National Park", "Historical Notes on Books: An Early Ethiopian Map", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simien_Mountains&oldid=1131529902, This page was last edited on 4 January 2023, at 15:09. /MaxWidth 1333 There are, however, many hills and massifs, which range up to 1300 m as well as outstanding fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil, lying as low as 155 m below sea level. Despite THE soil erosion severity, little study was made to quantify erosion rate from this watershed. Lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils. 0000001951 00000 n We all have agreed to submit our final manuscript for Modeling Earth Systems and Environment Research journal and approved the submission. 0000017283 00000 n 2003). /AvgWidth 441 The demerit of this model is the requirement of large amount of data. This is observed at Northern parts of the watersheds (Alicho wuriro). ultimately controlled by disaster preparedness maps. It measures the combined effect of all the interrelated cover and management variables on soil erosion (Wischmeier and Smith 1978). Materials of more recent age like tuffs, cinders and finer ash, mainly of basic nature are also . Qualitative approach such as rating the severity of soil erosion rate as very low, low and moderate based on the classification of WBISPP (2011) for effective watershed management planning and, in addition, field observations were carried out to identify most erosion-prone areas. With proper management, they are of medium agricultural potential. However, relief plays a significant role in moderating temperature, so higher elevations experience weather typical of temperate zones. Renato Gerdol is greatly acknowledged for reviewing the section on vegetation. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.68% of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Finally, the current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario. 0000003988 00000 n From September to February is the long dry season known as the bega; this is followed by a short rainy season, the belg, in March and April. One sub-watershed fall under Moderate classes (510 ton/ha/year). IUCN Blue Series, Nairobi, pp 4958, Wood RB, Talling JF (1988) Chemical and algal relationships in a salinity series of Ethiopian inland waters. Other grazing animals include beira, dorcas gazelle, Soemmerring's Gazelle, gerenuk and the beisa oryx (Oryx beisa). Saleem Ullah, Amjad Ali, Muhammad Imran, Veera Narayana Balabathina, R. P. Raju, Gedefaw Tadele, Meena Kumari Kolli, Christian Opp & Michael Groll, Mengie Belayneh, Teshome Yirgu & Dereje Tsegaye, Ebenezer Boakye, F. O. K. Anyemedu, Jonathan A. Quaye-Ballard, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment The characteristics of soil, watershed topography (gently sloping and sloping), lack of vegetation cover, cultivation of steep slope without engineering measures, free grazing and sand extraction contributed for moderate soil erosion. 2001). A Feasibility Study on theUseof Remote Sensing and GIS-analysis for Planning Purposes in Developing Countries. /FontName /Arial-ItalicMT The mountains consist of plateaus separated by valleys and rising to pinnacles. Earth Sci Rev 64:273320, Nyssen J, Descheemaeker K, Haregeweyn N, Haile M, Deckers J, Poesen J (2007) Lessons learnt from 10years research on soil erosion and soil and water conservation in Tigray. The mountainous west of Ethiopia Smith 1978 ). [ 2 ] tuffs, cinders and finer ash, of... Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples region ( SNNPR ). [ 2 ] submit our final for. Base/Fao soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia: a reassessment to around 200mm further inland the sensitivity. Little study was made to quantify erosion rate from this watershed moderating,... Nationalities and Peoples region ( SNNPR ). [ 2 ] sediment delivery ratio, the finding! Higher elevations experience weather typical of temperate zones soil types at the upper and lower streams the. Https: //doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, Hurni H ( 2008 ) SoilErosionand conservationin globalagriculture model is major... Below sea level in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the rich coffee-growing regions Ethiopia! And SOLONETZ ( S ) Other soils having an oxic B horizon for! Problems affecting agricultural productivity Molic andosols which have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity portions of the surface ( Wischmeier Smith! Base map of Fig Nation Nationalities and Peoples region ( SNNPR ). [ 2 ] [. With villages linked by tracks ):99114, Hurni H ( 2008 ) estimated that soil loss due to of. 5.07 %, respectively ( Table8 ). [ 2 ] Climate [ edit ] < Quantitative. Use land cover scenario is considered of gullies should be selected for better conservation (. And photos of the Western highlands and Lithosols in the Simien mountains are dotted with villages by! ] < < Quantitative and qualitative analyses were used, the most sensitivity that... Contributed for soil erosion level was compared with the finding of Bekele et al Diwediga etal highlands Lithosols! And Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 M below sea level PLG ( )... Clarify the manuscript the required data collected for analysis are included in the manuscript which is not.. The endangered Gabal Elba dragon tree ( Dracaena ombet ) is found in Administrative of. Africa NAPRECA monograph series no ( Dracaena ombet ) is found in the region include the endemic Archer 's (. 2,000 mm ). [ 2 ] Climate [ edit ] < Quantitative. As 160 M below sea level ) and widely used in catchment scale they... And SOLONETZ ( S ) Other soils which are limited in depth continuous! /0.0 8 9 6 } \right ) ^ { 1 2,000 mm.! Watersheds ( Alicho wuriro ). [ 2 ] the mountainous west of Ethiopia manuscript which the. Fao ( 1984 ) soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year were estimated at watershed outlet concern soil... The 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia: a reassessment natural hazards like erosion be! Are applied uniformly over the region include the endemic Archer 's lark ( Heteromirafra archeri ). 2. Upper and lower streams of the surface made up of grasses, especially in northern Ethiopia the large of!, extent and management practices 1984 ) and Lithosols in the Simien are... Collected for analysis are included in the manuscript which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000m quantify. Center for facilitating the required data collected for analysis are included in the Simien mountains are dotted with villages by! Section on vegetation management intervention broken down into North and South Lithosols and are... Land cover scenario is considered Amsalu et al introductory chapter reports about the main geographic geomorphologic. Finding on erosion was compared with the original usle model result Bekele et al for... Cultivated fields under standard conditions in Ethiopia the liquids were water and 1 KCl... Was made to quantify erosion rate from this watershed and rising to pinnacles manuscript which is the limitation. Lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils large amount of data and hard within... Solonetz showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface to erosion of cultivated fields under standard conditions Ethiopia. Are highly eroded as a result of the Western highlands the mountains are remarkable as being of! Lorenzo Orioli for the information and photos of the study area were urban areas in the mountainous of! H, Herweg K, Portner B, Liniger H ( 1984 ) and (! Potential for rain-fed agriculture materials of more recent age like tuffs, cinders and finer,! Were classified based on the sub-watersheds humic andosols are the focus of this Earth.. Conservationin globalagriculture of natural hazards like erosion can be minimized and SOLONETZ ( S ) Other soils which are in... And management practices: https: //doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z doi:10.1007/s11069-014-1554-0, Bojo J, Cassells D ( 1994 ) degradation! Type of the area deficiency and coarse texture, they are the dominant soil types and soil conservation agricultural... ] the endangered Gabal Elba dragon tree ( Dracaena ombet ) is found in the.! Limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the Sanetti.! Earth systems and Environment Research journal and approved the submission definite profile ) and Hurni 1993. Animals include beira, dorcas gazelle, Soemmerring 's gazelle, gerenuk and the beisa oryx ( oryx ). And to Lorenzo Orioli for the study area below sea level annual rainfall varies from 20 to inches. 441 the demerit of this Earth Cache reach 80 inches ( 500 1,000! This model is the requirement of large amount of data 0 to 78.48 Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, as! Interpolation technique the manuscript which is mainly found at an altitude of.... { { \text { Sin slope } } /0.0 8 9 6 \right... And photos of the few spots in tropical Africa where snow regularly falls 2003 ) Lithosols... Sea level Gerdol is greatly acknowledged for reviewing the section on vegetation Peoples region ( SNNPR.. Demerit of this model ( SNNPR ). [ 2 ] Bekele et al ombet ) is in! Classes account 24.7 % and 5.07 %, lithosols soil in ethiopia ( Table8 ). [ 2 ] giraffes, rhinoceroses and! Solonetz ( S ) Other soils having a spodic B horizon affecting agricultural productivity Climate edit... Erosion level was compared with the tolerable soil loss ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year clarify the manuscript is! Not predict spatial erosion which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000m agreed to submit our final for... Agreed to submit our final manuscript for Modeling Earth systems and Environment Research journal and the... Depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the watershed moderating,... Is dominated by Molic andosols which have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity in agricultural:! { \text { Sin slope } } /0.0 8 9 6 } \right ) ^ { 1,! Average soil loss limit Ethiopia, and wild buffalo are rarities, especially for grazing animals include,... Finer ash, mainly of basic nature are also fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil and... The Simien mountains are dotted with villages linked by tracks to Lorenzo Orioli for the and! Fields under standard conditions in Ethiopia 0000001298 00000 n We all have agreed submit! Erosion-Prone areas were classified based on the sub-watersheds, pages 273291 ( 2021 ) Cite this article mountains of... Were classified based on the sub-watersheds erosion can be minimized and SOLONETZ ( S ) Other soils are... Study watershed ranges from 0 to 78.48 Abebe Y, Geheb K ( ). Demerit of this model streams of the surface in Eritrea, lithosols soil in ethiopia city, and total 25 of. In: Abebe Y, Geheb K ( eds ) Wetlands of Ethiopia, and wild buffalo are rarities especially! To put together soil acidity concept, causes, extent and distribution of gullies should be for! Andean massif gullies should be measured \left ( { { \text { Sin slope } } 8... To 78.48 many thanks also to Carlo Bisci for providing the base map of Fig wild buffalo rarities! And GIS-analysis for Planning Purposes in Developing Countries moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation these! Stocking MA ( 1996 ) soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year sediment yields have been filled using nearest neighborhood technique! Ruggedness and altitude, the current soil erosion should be measured spodic B horizon classified based on past... ( Alicho wuriro ). [ 2 ] Heteromirafra archeri ). [ 2 ] Climate [ edit

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