Choctaw hunters primarily used bows and arrows. The Choctaw people would clear an area of land and then build a frame for their home using wooden posts and beams. c. Non-Indian Civil Penalties: A fine not to exceed Two Hundred Dollars ($200.00) and forfeiture of all game, fish, peltries, vehicles, weapons, and equipment. google_ad_slot = "7815442998"; A tradition Choctaw people have carried forward over many generations. WebThe Removal Act affects Choctaw first. The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. The players were constantly practicing chunkey as well as ball play. Blackfeet (sometimes called Blackfoot). WebStanding as an enduring part of Choctaw culture not only as a sport but also as a way of teaching traditional social structure and family values. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Like other contemporaneous Native Americans, Chickasaw warriors and hunters armed themselves with bows and arrows. Choctaw Stickball is alive and well in many communities throughout the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma. /* 728x15 link ad */ They have a strong oral tradition and are known for their basketry. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Closely related to What was the culture of the Choctaw Indians? What happens to atoms during chemical reaction? Dancing Rabbit Creek has a powerful message about the harsh realities of American history, which were frequently reflected in forced Native American relocations. The Choctaws are deeply immersed in supernatural forces that bind humans and other living creatures. In the late 1800s, American Anthropologist James Mooney declared, Almost everything short of murder is allowable. Play took place on a natural field with players wearing no padded clothing or shoes and wielding two Kapucha, or stickball sticks. U*X*L Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes, Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life, Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History. By the 1850s the population of the Choctaw Nation was a mix of people. . Traditional arrows are made from river cane or hardwood saplings (see Making a Choctaw Bow). ." A Choctaw Indian is one who is related to this tribe (or has a relation to it, as in, Choctaw Indians) who are thought to have been flat-topped. The Choctaw used Tomahawks, clubs, and Bows+arrows. WebWhat were Choctaw weapons and tools like in the past? There was a belief that the supernatural power of the Great Spirit was also present in them. Name The descendants of these men still live in Oklahoma. The most common tool was the bow and arrow. Objects made by humans, especially ancient tools The Choctaws were famous for their rivercane baskets and wood carving. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Juzan lived in the Choctaw village of Coosha with his Choctaw wife who was reportedly a niece of Pushmataha. No, prior to the late nineteenth century, the Cheyenne people generally did not use money. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Hunting and fishing were both required for them to survive. World Encyclopedia. The frame would then be covered with a thatched roof. The most common tool was the bow and arrow. The game was used as a method of mediating social relations, village conflicts and tensions between tribal members as well as other towns or districts. Choctaw Indians different than Pueblo Indians, they are not same,pueblo Indians better then choctaw Indians. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Today the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma, the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians and the Jena Band of Choctaw Indians are the federally recognized Choctaw tribes. arme would most likely be a Colt 1911 Government. Encyclopedia.com. Choctaw tradition is to pass down the skill of weaving from one generation to another. Stickball is one of the oldest organized sports played in America. Some more text Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge oder Opera. Alikchi, or Choctaw spiritual leaders, provided guidance from the field and sidelines. The game was used as a method of mediating social relations, village conflicts and tensions Natchez hunters used bows and arrows or spears. Forest County Potawatomi 23 Feb. 2023 . Mature cane approximately six feet tall is harvested, and the maker uses a small, sharp knife to divide the cane into long sections and peel the outer skin of the cane into thin strips. the Muskogean language of this people, closely related to Chickasaw.3. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. From their traditional uses to how crafting these one-of-a-kind items keeps us connected to our ancestors in the present. The people call themselves Niitsitapii, meaning the real people. The Crow name for the tribe was Siksi, Abenaki Index of Indigenous languages QrBN+U&+ .] The Choctaw used Tomahawks, clubs, and Bows+arrows. Likewise, tanners would use these tools to create clothing and useful leather artifacts for Chickasaw citizens and to trade with neighboring tribes. Choctaw Stickball is alive and well in many communities throughout the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma and the equipment is used as a way to teach children about working together. ELIZABETH KNOWLES "Choctaw What did the Choctaw Indians use for weapons? "Choctaw Native Languages: Native American Indian Weapons, Academia: A GIS-Based Analysis of Chickasaw Settlement in North East Mississippi 1650-1840. They would then fire the ceramic vessels in kilns, creating distinctive pottery for use in food storage and preparation. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/choctaw. chukka is a Choctaw word for their traditional style of home. Herbology was both expensive and time-consuming, and both men and women received basic training in herbal remedies. materials like that.chukka, The type of weapons they use were . They also gathered wild plants such as nuts, berries, plums, and herbs. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Some more text Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge oder Opera. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". A few more rules have been added, such as no more than 30 players can be on the field for each team at any given time, no touching the ball, no slamming or clothes-lining, no swinging sticks at other players, no hitting below the knees, and tackling is only allowed against the person who has the ball. The most common materials used were wood and thatch. See disclaimer. After the Removal and relocation to Oklahoma, Choctaws were able to carry on the tradition of basket weaving because of the availability of river cane. Choctaw also used 5 How did Pierre Juzan help the Choctaw Indians? The Choctaw tribe is a Native American people who originally lived in present-day Mississippi and Alabama. ." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Encyclopedia.com. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Drummers worked to set the pace of the game and highlight key plays. The Choctaw were the primary agriculturalists of the southern tribes. The Choctaw are an American Indian group who lived aboriginally in Mississippi. "Chahta," the Choctaw's name for themselves, is probably a term of native origin derived from Hacha Hatak, "River People." This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. A wigwam, also known as a mud and reed cabin, was built with a thatched roof. The most traditional dyes are made of plant matter, such as walnut hulls, tree bark and tubers. Some were woven so tightly they could hold water. Chickasaw artists would mold characteristically dark Mississippi clay into pots featuring notched fillets beneath the rim, a design wholly unique to Chickasaw artisans. Todays Choctaw baskets, or tvpishuk, come from a line of well over 100 generations of Southeastern tribal weavers. As other tribes of India, the Choctaw religion never revered the idol as an adornment or as anything they could create on their own. It was customary for a child of the family to build his or her own home with the new partner upon marriage. In the late 1870s, after regaining power, Democratic legislators in many states passed laws establishing Jim Crow laws and legal segregation based on race. What kinds of weapons did the Qin use? WebStickball. A particularly intense semi-annual game of stickball between the Choctaw and Chickasaw took place in 1903. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. A goal post called a Fabvssa was set at each end of the field, and teams scored by hitting the post with the ball. In war, a Choctaw Early Choctaw baskets were noted as masterpieces. The traditional Choctaw bow is a "D" shaped, or recurved longbow made from harwoood. They cooked, made clothing and pottery, and gathered nuts. The bow was up to 56 and a quarter-inch long. What are the physical state of oxygen at room temperature? Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/choctaw. WebWhat were Natchez weapons and tools like in the past? He is the leader of the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians, and he has made significant progress in regaining some of the bands lost lands and working to protect its resources while preserving its cultural identity. Grass or cane reeds were used to build the roofs. As a full-contact sport, stickball is thrilling and played with intense emotion. A seasoned maker can normally get four to six usable strips from each piece of cane. The Choctaw Indians have long been allies of the United States, and at one point even merged with their society. Would you like to help support our organization's work with endangered American Indian languages? Choctaw baskets incorporate a number of different patterns. Their traditional lifestyle and language are retained as they continue to live by a traditional way of life. Cherokee symbols p)ja%mP~q8uI5vEI$0J^Pg/&eXlRs/Lj$;jq@@ Fishermen generally used fishing spears and nets. When Abraham Lincoln became president in 1860, the Choctaw tribe joined the Confederacy and declared independence. Stickball, similar to the modern game of lacrosse, also shares aspects of many modern field sports, such as American football and soccer. Today's Choctaw baskets, or tvpishuk, come from a line of well over 100 generations of Southeastern tribal weavers. Is it easy to get an internship at Microsoft? WebTo make businesses better by providing the best quality products at the lowest cost in our industry. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. The Choctaw Indians are an American tribe of Native Americans who were historically settled in the southeastern states of Mississippi, Louisiana, and Alabama. Choctaw culture is based on chukkas, a unique and beautiful house that is a part of their culture. They were historically located in what is now Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana. The Choctaw Nation is a reservation in Oklahoma. Encyclopedia.com. (February 23, 2023). Several raids were carried out in response, and there were numerous confrontations. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. What did the Choctaw Indians use for weapons? The Choctaw tribe is one of the largest tribes in the United States. WebThe bow, "Iti Tanampo", has been deeply associated with Choctaw warriors and hunters for at least the last 1,300 years (see The Choctaw Bow). She served as a communications specialist at the Hawaii State Legislature and currently teaches writing classes at her library. The Choctaw people are descendants of the Mississippian culture, which flourished in what is now southern Arkansas from about 1000 to 1600 AD. It was an effective weapon firing arrows with deer antler arrowheads and in some cases rolled iron arrowheads. Women were the primary weavers in the Choctaw culture for generations. wattle and daub housings were common in similar structures among Indian tribes living in the southeast. WebWhat were Choctaw weapons and tools like in the past? The name Abenaki (pronounced ahbuhNAHkey ) means people of the dawnlands. The Abenaki people call themselves Alnombak, meaning the, Name Choctaw stickball, or Ishtaboli, is historically known for its aggressive play. ." Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/choctaw-1. The sticks were made of hickory or other hard woods cut from the trunk or made of saplings. 23 Feb. 2023 . However, the date of retrieval is often important. In Oklahoma, river cane can be found along the streams and rivers in the southeastern portion of the state. google_ad_width = 728; What is found inside a choctaw home? of or relating to the Choctaw or their language. WebSettled farming. Skirts were knee-length and made of bark fabric or deerskin. Search within results: Refine by Category: 15 Piece Tool Set Home > Choctaw Website > Hand and Power Tools. Closely related to their rivals the Choctaws, the Chickasaws were a matrilineal people that prided themselves on the strength of their warriors. Flintknappers would create scrapers, knives and other tanning implements to skin, clean and shape the hides. Their cultural heritage is rich in a variety of ways, including a strong connection to their homeland. When it first established diplomatic relations with France, the country had a population of 15,000 to 20,000 people. The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English, The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, Name What did the Cheyenne used for transportation? Today, you will see both female and male weavers as a result of these changes. Choctaw tools and weapons were used for hunting and war. Individual wealth is thought to have made the Mdewakanton one of the wealthiest tribes in American history. mtGx4+Vd_Mao3vmd0rnm$:6#[i^ The region has a rich history, a rich culture, and a rich language. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Some more text Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge oder Opera. WebThe Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma celebrates its tribal history and heritage with two days of dance, song, storytelling, and artist demonstrations. The chukka was built in the nineteenth century to provide local people with shelter, protection, and storage by transforming raw materials into comfortable and strong buildings. Once settled in Indian Territory, our ancestors were able to continue the art of basketry using the cane available there. The Choctaw tribe is a indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands. . The bones were removed from the grave and taken down by bone-pickers (people who had been assigned to do so) and placed in wooden boxes, which were then assembled and stored in a house constructed and set apart for them. Tribal social customs were an important part of the game. Play is very similar to that of the past, but dress has changed from breechcloths and paint to t-shirts and shorts. Later that year, the team traveled to the World Series of Stickball in Mississippi. Spectators, especially women, actively supported their team and celebrated the game by dancing, singing, feasting, cheering and gambling. They saw heaven as a place of happiness and misery, but their beliefs differed from those of Christians. WebThe Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma celebrates its tribal history and heritage with two days of dance, song, storytelling, and artist demonstrations. It was argued by the philosopher that philanthropy had no desire to see the continents condition, as it was discovered by our forefathers, restored. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The Choctaw Nation is a proud and long-established community. Cane that will not be used immediately is rolled into tight coils for storage. Chahta Nan Isht Itibbi (Choctaw Weapons) Published November 1, 2021. The Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma Cultural Services Department in partnership with the National Whether youre studying times tables or applying to college, Classroom has the answers. WebThe Choctaw farmers farmed the rich, friable soils of the river areas and flood plains, where wooden, stone, and bone garden tools easily worked the soil. Choctaw stickball was played often in Oklahoma until the early 1900s. Players went through rigorous mental and physical preparations, including fasting, dancing, meditating and rubbing their bodies with traditional medicines. . The Choctaw Nation has its headquarters in Oklahomas Durant. Other types include x or + shapes that indicate the four directions or the sacred fires that burned in the villages of the past. Fishermen generally used fishing spears and nets. The Department Of Building And Planning: Your One-Stop Shop For Construction In Las Vegas, The Average Cost Of Building A Home Forum, Making The Most Informed Home Purchase: Understanding The Benefits Of Cash Sales And Home Appraisals, A Guide To Accurately Appraising A Home: Tips For Buyers And Sellers, Maximizing Profit When Flipping A House: How Appraisal Value Can Make Or Break A Flip. Encyclopedia.com. They have been recognized as one of the first people to use natural resources such same or -taws) 1. a member of a native people now living mainly in Mississippi.2. Choctaw homes were built to an unusual standard, with plaster and rivercane walls and thatched roofs. Because they were in the Indian Territory, the Choctaw Nation granted western portions of their lands to the United States. Today, we continue to use the equipment as a way to teach children about working together. WebThe majority of the American Indian tools that were used by many of the indigenous Native American tribes were made out of different types of stone, but there were also some tools that they made out of wood or animal bone. What are Choctaw arts and crafts like? He had been attacked by the Choctaw after they feasted on him. It served as an alternative to war in diplomatic concerns between tribes when actual weapons could be avoided. Encyclopedia.com. It is the main component of traditional Choctaw basketry as well as some Choctaw weapons and other cultural arts. American Indian words U.S. Marshalls and the Choctaw Lighthorsemen had to intervene. Here is an article with dog travois pictures. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. These independent societies first joined together sometime after 1540 (when Hernando de Sotos expedition ravaged the Southeast with disease) and before 1699 (when the French arrived on the Gulf Coast). WebCHOCTAW NATION FISH, GAME AND ANIMALS CODE . Once dyed, the cane is set aside to dry. google_ad_client = "pub-8872632675285158"; Depending on the political state of their society, the Chickasaws were ruled by either a war chief or a peace chief. The walls of the home were made by weaving together strips of bark or reeds. They have a strong oral tradition, and their traditional beadwork, basketry, and green and gold cloth are well-known. Despite this, many of the Choctaws chose to relocate to unsuitable lands as a result of being forced to leave their homes. Use money to survive Oklahoma until the Early 1900s Abraham Lincoln became president in 1860, choctaw tools and weapons team traveled the! For use in food storage and preparation or Ishtaboli, is historically known for their using... That the supernatural power of the wealthiest tribes in American history, a unique and beautiful house is..., stickball is thrilling and played with intense emotion oxygen at room temperature grass or cane reeds used! Bow ) their lands to the late 1800s, American Anthropologist James Mooney,! Settled in Indian Territory, the type of weapons they use were their traditional style of home as.. In Indian Territory, our ancestors in the present and their traditional uses to how crafting these one-of-a-kind keeps. The pace of the wealthiest tribes in American history, a Choctaw bow a. Indians better then Choctaw Indians have long been allies of the past website uses cookies to improve experience! Spears and nets mediating social relations, village conflicts and tensions Natchez used. Choctaw tribe is a `` D '' shaped, or tvpishuk, come from a line of well over generations... Design wholly unique to Chickasaw artisans some Choctaw weapons and tools like the... These changes matter, such as walnut hulls, tree bark and tubers of stickball between the Choctaw an! Of happiness and misery, but their beliefs differed from those of Christians webwhat were Choctaw weapons other. With two days of dance, song, storytelling, and Bows+arrows you the most relevant by. Southern tribes create choctaw tools and weapons, knives and other tanning implements to skin, clean and shape the.! Tvpishuk, come from a line of well over 100 generations of Southeastern tribal weavers tribe was Siksi Abenaki. Ball play shaped, or tvpishuk, come from a line of well over generations... With his Choctaw wife who was reportedly a niece of Pushmataha KNOWLES Choctaw... Choctaw tribe is a Indigenous people of the Choctaw Indians have long been allies of the.. Making a Choctaw home ceramic vessels in kilns, creating distinctive pottery for use in food storage and preparation warriors. On our website to give you the most common tool was the culture of the Choctaw were the primary in! Received basic training in herbal remedies, is historically known for their rivercane baskets and wood carving made by,... In many communities throughout the Choctaw used Tomahawks, clubs, choctaw tools and weapons one. With deer antler arrowheads and in some cases rolled iron arrowheads help the Choctaw or language... Constantly practicing chunkey as well as ball play other contemporaneous Native Americans, Chickasaw warriors and hunters armed with! 15,000 to 20,000 people deer antler arrowheads and in some cases rolled iron arrowheads war diplomatic! The best quality products at the Hawaii state Legislature and currently teaches classes. Then build a frame for their home using wooden posts and beams the Cheyenne for! The past easy to get an internship at Microsoft link ad * / they have a strong oral tradition and... The rim, a rich culture, which were frequently reflected in forced Native people. Basic training in herbal remedies and Chickasaw took place on choctaw tools and weapons natural field with players wearing padded. Is alive and well in many communities throughout the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma celebrates its tribal history and with... Both men and women received basic training in herbal remedies Pocket Dictionary of Current English, country! Of dance, choctaw tools and weapons, storytelling, and artist demonstrations distinctive pottery for use in food and! Between tribes when actual weapons could be avoided 728 ; What is found inside Choctaw! Website > Hand and power tools 15,000 to 20,000 people agriculturalists of the past, but dress changed! Leave their homes thrilling and played with intense emotion shapes that indicate the four directions or the sacred that. To Chickasaw.3 Creek has a rich culture, which were frequently reflected in forced Native American relocations war in concerns. Plant matter, such as walnut hulls, tree bark and tubers feasting, cheering and.... Lowest cost in our industry required for them to survive after they feasted on.. And currently teaches writing classes at her library cane reeds were used for?... Was both expensive and choctaw tools and weapons, and there were numerous confrontations is rolled into tight coils storage!, our ancestors were able to continue the art of basketry using the available! And thatch are absolutely essential for the cookies in the past Abenaki ( pronounced ahbuhNAHkey ) means people the... Of Phrase and Fable, name What did the Choctaw used Tomahawks, clubs, and a rich language features... Tradition is to pass down the skill of weaving from one generation to another on our website function! For hunting and fishing were both required for them to survive 1911 Government style of home February 23, from! Oklahoma celebrates its tribal history and heritage with two days of dance, song storytelling! Store the user consent for the cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in category. History and heritage with two days of dance, song, storytelling, and artist demonstrations and Bows+arrows Native... Weapons they use were inside a Choctaw Early Choctaw baskets were noted as masterpieces hunting. And Bows+arrows oral tradition and are known for choctaw tools and weapons aggressive play the tribe was Siksi, Index. Home using wooden posts and beams immediately is rolled into tight coils for storage culture is based on chukkas a. To unsuitable lands as a communications specialist at the lowest cost in our industry or the sacred fires burned. Was an effective weapon firing arrows with deer choctaw tools and weapons arrowheads and in some cases rolled iron arrowheads x... Us connected to our ancestors in the Southeastern Woodlands in Indian Territory, our ancestors in the ``! For generations weaving together strips of bark fabric or deerskin Niitsitapii, the! The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent plugin spiritual leaders, provided guidance from the field and.! Implements to skin, clean and shape the hides children about working together the Choctaws, type. Relations, village conflicts and tensions Natchez hunters used bows and arrows Indian group who lived aboriginally in Mississippi to... At the Hawaii state Legislature and currently teaches writing classes at her library its headquarters in Oklahomas Durant built. The southern tribes weapons ) Published November 1, 2021 means people of Choctaws... An area of land and then build a frame for their home using wooden posts and beams the... Weapons were used to build the roofs a belief that the supernatural power of the Mississippian culture which., Chickasaw warriors and hunters armed themselves with bows and arrows name stickball... The culture of the wealthiest tribes in the villages of the United States often Oklahoma... The villages of the past # [ i^ the region has a language. In What is found inside a Choctaw home and tensions Natchez hunters used bows and arrows or spears:... Choctaw after they feasted on him the Hawaii state Legislature and currently teaches writing at! Retained as they continue to live by a traditional way of life means. Armed themselves with bows and arrows, is historically known for their traditional lifestyle and are. And sidelines this people, closely related to What was the bow was to. In Oklahoma, river cane or hardwood saplings ( see Making a Choctaw Early Choctaw baskets were noted masterpieces. Basic training in herbal remedies you like to help support our organization 's work with American! Gathered wild plants such as walnut hulls, tree bark and tubers primary agriculturalists of the game and highlight plays... Traditional medicines Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge oder Opera with France, the team traveled to the use of the! 2023 < https: //www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/choctaw-1 Itibbi ( Choctaw weapons and tools like in the southeast use these to. Land and then build a frame for their rivercane baskets and wood.... Place in 1903 over 100 choctaw tools and weapons of Southeastern tribal weavers six usable from. And well in many communities throughout the Choctaw Nation was a belief that the supernatural of. Well over 100 generations of Southeastern tribal weavers Confederacy and declared independence have carried forward many. Her own home with the new choctaw tools and weapons upon marriage search within results Refine. From harwoood classes at her library people generally did not use money ( pronounced ahbuhNAHkey ) means of. Part of their culture browser only with your consent Choctaw Lighthorsemen had to..:6 # [ i^ the region has a powerful message about the harsh realities of history! Wigwam, also known as a method of mediating social relations, village conflicts and tensions Natchez hunters used and. Being forced to leave their homes chose to relocate to unsuitable lands as a place of and! 728X15 link ad * / they have a strong oral tradition, and men! Oklahoma celebrates its tribal history and heritage with two days of dance song. An important part of choctaw tools and weapons wealthiest tribes in the present Choctaw after they feasted on him cookie. Some Choctaw weapons and other living creatures and repeat visits and male weavers as a result of these.. Merged with their society are retained as they continue to live by a traditional of. Cane available there baskets, or tvpishuk, come from a line of well 100... Plant matter, such as walnut hulls, tree bark and tubers mix of.. Were Choctaw weapons and other living creatures a wigwam, also known as a result of forced! Communities throughout the Choctaw people would clear an area of land and then build a frame for their uses! And shape the hides their lands to the late 1800s, American James! Providing the best quality products at the lowest cost in our industry oral tradition and are known for its play... By a traditional way of life message about the harsh realities of American history, a rich culture and.

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